Bad Memory Stick: Fake/defective Pro Duo, corrupted filesystem. → Format on PSP (Settings → System Settings → Format Memory Stick). Test with another stick.
Custom Firmware (CFW) Issues: Outdated CFW (e.g., 5.50 GEN-D), plugin conflicts. → Update to 6.61 PRO-C2 / ME-2.3 or Infinity. Disable plugins in recovery menu.
Overheating: Dust-clogged vents, long sessions. → Clean vents, play in cool area, use stand.
Low Battery / Failing Battery: Voltage drop under load. → Test on AC only; replace battery.