No—Xbox 360 discs do not play on Xbox One. The consoles use different architectures (PowerPC vs. x86).
However: Microsoft's Backward Compatibility program lets you play hundreds of Xbox 360 games on Xbox One / Series X|S—but only digitally or via disc if the title is on the official BC list.
Original Xbox 360 hardware cannot run on Xbox One. You need an actual Xbox 360 for non-BC titles.