You're likely thinking of Game DVR / Theater Mode, which was introduced in Halo 3: ODST (2009) and expanded in Halo: Reach (2010)—not in the original Halo 3 (2007).
If you're playing the original Halo 3 (via MCC or backward compatibility), you have no native recording. You might be recalling a later title, using a capture card, or the Xbox system-level Game DVR (double-tap Xbox button).