No. The Xbox 360 does not support USB tethering or mobile broadband dongles natively. Its network stack only recognizes Ethernet (wired) or Wi-Fi (via the internal adapter or the external 802.11n USB dongle sold by Microsoft).
For any online gaming, a wired Ethernet connection to a stable broadband router is the only reliable solution. If that's impossible, a dedicated 4G/5G home router (with external antennas) bridged to the 360 via Ethernet is far superior to phone tethering.