No, the base game does not allow you to change a Sim's species to an animal. There is no “Transform” interaction, and Create-a-Sim (CAS) lacks an “Animal” category for playable Sims.
testingcheatsenabled true + Shift-click > “Modify Traits” can add hidden traits, but cannot change the fundamental Sim rig.For a genuine animal experience, Pets is the only stable, feature-complete option.