Yes. Assassin's Creed Brotherhood multiplayer on Xbox 360 or Xbox One (via backward compatibility) requires an active Xbox Live Gold subscription. This applies to all modes: Wanted, Alliance, Manhunt, Chest Capture, and Advanced variants.
The requirement mirrors virtually every non-free-to-play title on Xbox platforms. Without Gold, you're limited to the single-player campaign.
If you have Xbox Game Pass Ultimate, Gold is included—no separate purchase needed.